THE CAMPAIGN FOR THE ACCOUNTABILITY OF AMERICAN BASES

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Statement of Rear Admiral Philip S. Anselmo
Deputy Director, Space and Electronic Warfare
Office of the Chief of Naval Operations
Before the Senate Armed Services Committee
Subcommittee on Strategic Forces, United States Senate May 2, 1995

Good morning, Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee and
staff. I am pleased to appear before you today to give you the
Naval warfighter perspective on space.

NAVAL SPACE STRATEGY
Navy considers space to be a medium for exploitation by the
warfighter, not a mission in and of itself, or some fourth
dimension of the battlefield. Naval forces have long used space
systems to support our tactical warfighting needs, including
communications, reconnaissance, surveillance, navigation and
environmental monitoring. It is this long standing tactical
focus which distinguishes naval efforts in space. Our Naval
Strategy for the 21st Century, titled "Forward...From the Sea,"
highlights the forward deployed nature of our maritime forces,
operating in accordance with strategies and tactics which
emphasize maneuverability. Naval expeditionary forces, shaped for
joint operations, tailored for national needs and operating
forward, from the sea, are the reason for naval dependence upon
space-based support.

NAVAL SPACE POLICY
It is this critical dependence which underpins the Department of
the Navy Space Policy, which states that the Department of the
Navy will integrate space into every facet of Naval operations,
with the primary focus on tactical support to the warfighter. We
do this by:
- optimizing space-based support, ensuring the warfighter
receives maximum benefit from all current space systems
- developing a cadre of personnel with specialized space
expertise
- broadening naval participation in the development,
acquisition, and operation of space systems which satisfy unique
naval requirements.

All forces depend upon timely satellite communications and data
flow. Unlike shore-bound garrisoned forces, we do not have
recourse to hardwired communications; we cannot trail a fiber
optic cable behind us. Thus the Navy's strong support of
satellite communications programs across the board - UHF, SHF,
EHF, military or commercial. Both Navy and Army have been strong
advocates of the Milstar medium data rate capability for our
tactical warfighters. Additionally, we believe that the
commercial satellite communications market offers great
opportunities for DoD to move large amounts of data around the
globe.

NAVAL OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
Envision, if you will, our Naval Battle Groups operating over all
the oceans of the globe when a crisis erupts. You can expect
naval forces to be on the scene, sailing in harm's way, ready to
respond across a continuum from diplomacy to force application.
That is forward presence. When you deal with crisis, you cannot
afford virtual presence. The more significant the crisis, the
more intense the demand will be on satellite communications
assets, from low-capacity voice circuits to high capacity imagery
and intelligence nets. Much of this intelligence information
will derive from space-based sensors with a vantage point far
above the Battle Group theater of operations. Precise location
of Battle Group units relative to potential targets will be
developed using Transit and GPS navigational satellites. Naval
forces will view the latest near-real-time weather and
oceanographic conditions from the Battle Group to the crisis area
using data from DoD and civil environmental satellites. In
short, much of the latest information which our forward deployed
warfighters need to receive or need to provide relies on space
systems. This is why the Navy and Marine Corps insist on an
authoritative voice in how their requirements will be met by
space systems in the future. It is also why mobile, forward-
deployed forces present the greatest challenge for space system
support and rely heavily on direct downlinks.

The Navy initiated efforts to exploit the Defense Support Program
(DSP) system to provide timely tactical information to the
warfighter, beginning in 1982 with the Slow Walker indications
and warning program. Slow Walker led to the Army/Navy Joint
Tactical Ground Station (JTaGS), currently deployed and
operational under joint-service detachments in support of two
theater CINCs. Today we have a requirement and capability to
directly downlink environmental and intelligence data to our
carriers, and a key performance parameter requirement for the
Space Based Infrared (SBIR) system to provide direct downlink of
tactical data for processing by in-theater users.

NAVAL SPACE EXPERIENCE
Navy has been involved in the exploitation of space from the very
beginning. In 1958 we launched the first solar cell satellite;
in 1959 we launched the first navigational satellite, Transit,
and in so doing provided the first DoD operational satellite
control; and in 1962 we demonstrated the first operational
worldwide satellite communications. Our Geodetic/Geophysical
Satellite (GEOSAT) was launched in 1985 to provide radar
altimetry data, first for the mapping of the earth's geoid, and
later, to provide essential sea-surface topography. Navy's
irreplaceable science and technology infrastructure was most
recently the proud parent of Clementine - a small, inexpensive
satellite, built for the Ballistic Missile Defense Office, which
eventually mapped the moon.

Navy has acquired DoD UHF communications satellite systems and
the EHF packages on our FLEETSAT and UHF Follow-On (UFO)
satellites, and executed some of the earliest contracts for
commercial communications satellites for tactical use. Navy was
the first to use EHF satellite communications operationally with
our Fleet Satellite EHF package and afloat EHF terminals during
Desert Storm.

The Navy Tactical Exploitation of National Capabilities (TENCAP)
office continues to focus on enhancing national systems support
to our warfighters. Operationally, the lessons of Desert Storm
clearly showed that the most effective near-term way to enhance
the contributions of national systems data was to improve
processing and dissemination. Our current emphasis in this area
is a direct consequence of that experience.

Navy has operated the Naval Space Surveillance System since the
early 1960's; it is now an integral part of the U.S. Space
Command space surveillance network. This system consists of a
bistatic radar fence located on a great circle across the
southern United States. It detects objects as small as 0.1
square meter in low orbits to 1 square meter in high orbits,
determines their orbital element information by digital
processing and disseminates satellite vulnerability reports to
fleet and fleet Marine forces ashore and afloat.

Today, we continue to lead in programs directly supporting our
mobile, tactical warfighters. For example:

- UHF Follow-On (UFO): A Navy program cited by DoD as the model
for streamlined acquisition under the direction of a 17 person
program office. The competitively-awarded, fixed-price multi-
year contract (which includes commercial launch services) calls
for turn-key delivery of operational satellites on orbit. While
moving UFO from concept to first launch in five years, Navy was
able to evolve UFO from UHF with an SHF broadcast, to UHF with
EHF, to UHF with expanded EHF without major cost or schedule
impact to the program. Our philosophy has been to minimize
management personnel, procure on a fixed-price basis with
performance incentives both positive and negative, and not forget
that our task is to support the warfighter in a timely and
affordable manner. Navy demonstrated the significant potential
of the Direct Broadcast Satellites (DBS) to provide data at near
T-1 capacity (1.544 megabits per second) in Project Radiant Storm
in November 1994. We are now examining, with OSD, the
feasibility of incorporating a DBS capability in later UFO
satellites.

- GEOSAT Follow-On (GFO): Uses many of the proven and
innovative features of the UFO contract, together with a 6 person
program office, and applies them to a small satellite program for
environmental monitoring. Currently, Navy is working with NASA
to see how we might converge Navy s GFO program with NASA s
TOPEX/Poseidon Follow-on (TPFO) program and most efficiently
satisfy all of our requirements.

- Tracking, Telemetry and Control (TT&C): The Navy satellite
control network, leveraged from national systems research and
development, has been lauded by GAO and Congress as a generation
ahead in DoD and the proper direction for the department in the
future. As a result of the U. S. Space Command Future Integrated
TT&C Architecture Study (FITAS), Air Force and Naval Space
Commands signed a memorandum of agreement which will result in
Navy assuming control of all FLTSAT and UFO satellites as a first
efficiency move. FITAS further recommended the maximum
exploitation of off-the-shelf products available today.

- Challenge Athena: A truly innovative space system solution
which demonstrated timely delivery of high-volume national
primary imagery data to afloat warfighters, as well as two-way
connectivity for a variety of spin-off applications, including
afloat telephone, telemedicine, and teleconferencing. Last
year s demonstration of Challenge Athena II during a six-month
deployment on board the USS George Washington surpassed all
expectations. In the words of the Battle Group Commander, this
system "changed the very complexion of battle group operations."
The availability of commercial phone service was equally popular
with our sailors, a feature the Commanding Officer lauded as "the
most significant boost to morale I ve seen in my twenty-five
years in the Navy."

It is clear that Navy has not only been highly effective but also
singularly efficient, and it is precisely these qualities we need
to preserve and improve upon as we move towards integrated
management for space.

SPACE MANAGEMENT
The Deputy Secretary of Defense has created the position of
Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Space, which provides a DoD
focus and includes the participation of all Services. We believe
the DUSD(Space) represents a major step forward. DepSecDef also
tasked the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and
Technology to map out the DoD plan to meet the FY 1995
Congressional direction that "...the Secretary of Defense and
Director of Central Intelligence shall combine all DoD and
intelligence space acquisition responsibilities into one joint
office under a single Space Acquisition Executive." As Dr.
Kaminski testified to the House Appropriations Committee on March
23, he intends to proceed in two steps. Step 1 calls for a DoD
Space Architect; step 2 envisions the establishment of a National
Security Space Architect. We in DoD realize, as you do, that step
2 is the goal; that is where the best opportunities for
efficiency and savings will lie.

Navy will actively support and staff the new organization
consistent with DoD objectives to reduce manpower, reduce
infrastructure and streamline acquisition. We believe that this
can best be achieved with an NRO-like structure which is not
dominated by any single service or agency. We should not retain
a large infrastructure based upon past programs, but a lean
organization that builds upon commercial strengths and reduces
the legacy of federal agencies and large Systems Commands within
the DoD structure.

As the Chief of Naval Operations has said, competition is the
real driver. We should keep opportunities open for competitive
innovation. Each Service and agency has much to offer. Navy
wants to lead in space acquisition where it is appropriate. A
recent effort is found in the area of polar communications, where
NRO, Navy and Air Force have teamed together to bring to fruition
a cost-effective solution to the CINC s critical warfighting
requirement for polar communications.

We view military satellite communications as a natural area for
Navy leadership when we speak of acquisition, since Navy provides
the preponderance of mobile user requirements and has a proven
record of innovative satellite communications acquisition.

CONCLUSION
The point which I hope to leave you with is that the Naval focus
on space is tactical. Our warfighters need competitively priced
space system support for the information-hungry battlefield, the
flexibility to take advantage of technology as it advances in the
marketplace, and the joint and integrated cooperation of all
services and agencies. Whatever the future Space Management
organization looks like, Navy wants to be involved in a
substantive way, to encourage healthy, collegial competition and
innovation with other services and agencies so that DoD receives
the most 'bang for the buck.' Thank you.
-USN-